Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): Contributes to skin and coat quality and is vital in energy production from fat, amino acid metabolism, and energy production.

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): promotes the synthesis of skin lipids, especially Ceramide (the waxy substance made from linoleic acid that holds skin cells together), and helps limit skin dehydration.

Niacin (Vitamin B3): Aids in preventing dehydration, flakiness, and roughness of the skin. In essence, niacin helps in the creation of healthy cells that can be used by the skin.

Copper: Important for energy metabolism and oxygen transportation in the bloodstream. This mineral is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, and stored primarily in the liver, kidney, and brain. Copper helps the development and maturing of red blood cells, antioxidant functions, as well as providing rich pigmentation/color for hair.

Manganese: An essential element for many animal species. Manganese occurs in the body, principally in the liver. Manganese has several essential functions involving protein and carbohydrate metabolism and reproduction. Manganese is thought to be an activator of enzyme systems involved in the production of energy, fatty acid creation, and amino acid function.

Iodine: Critical for the production of thyroid hormones; the primary function of these hormones is to regulate and influence base metabolic rates in the body (how quickly an animal burns up energy after eating a meal). Without these hormones, a dog could exhibit poor growth, hair loss, weight gain, and extreme weakness.

Zinc: Important in the production of proteins, a functional immune system, as well as DNA. Zinc is present in natural feedstuffs and can be added as zinc salts or other complexes into complete pet foods.